Impulsivity
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Impulsivity
Writ by Jesse Lee aka Oregonleatherboy
Impulsivity is the tendency to act on a whim, without considering the consequences.
Impulsivity is a personality trait that can be measured by self-report questionnaires and behavioral tasks. Impulsive people are more likely to engage in risky behaviors such as:
unprotected sex
substance abuse
gambling
Three things happen simultaneously according to
Moeller et al., 2001:
Before processing a reactionary response occurs
With no regard to consequences of immediate nature
Or future ill results due to behavior
They are also more likely to have problems with:
Attention
hyperactivity
and aggression
Impulsivity is not a mental disorder but it can lead to mental disorders such as addiction or depression.
Impulsivity can be seen as an inability to resist temptation or control one's impulses. It can also be seen as acting without thinking about what might happen next.
The human brain consists of three major parts
cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem
The cerebrum controls higher mental functions such as:
- thought
- and language
cerebellum controls
- balance
- and coordination of movement
brainstem connects the brain with spinal cord and regulates basic functions such as
- breathing
- and heart rate
Impulsivity is a hallmark and common feature in various psychiatric disorders, including
substance use disorder
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
conduct disorder, bipolar disorder
pathological gambling
and personality disorders
[Moeller FG, Barratt ES, Dougherty DM, Schmitz JM, Swann AC. Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1783–1793.].
Although impulsivity can be broadly defined as behavioral actions without adequate forethought, there is growing evidence that impulsivity is no unitary construct, but rather is dissociable into different aspects reflecting distinct underlying cognitive, emotional, and neural processes [2. Evenden JL. Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999;146:348–361.].
Nonetheless, detailed research on the relationship between various aspects of impulsivity is still scarce.
Two widely recognized behavioral phenomena of impulsivity are impulsive choice and impulsive action. Impulsive choice is oftentimes operationalized by impulsive decisions resulting from a distorted evaluation of delayed consequences of behavior and an increased preference for (smaller) immediate rewards over more beneficial delayed rewards.
On the other hand, impulsive action reflects the failure to inhibit an inappropriate response to prepotent stimuli
(3. Reynolds B, Ortengren A, Richards JB, de Wit H. Dimensions of impulsive behavior: Personality and behavioral measures. Personality and Individual Differences. 2006;40:305–315.
)
Peer-reviewed Research on Impulsivityhttps://docs.google.com/document/d/1iYCD2lWWDuOxtUJ9PSdjK56wiLY3T8eypdjW3FYa5VE/edit?usp=drivesdk | |||||||||||||||
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| Dickman dysfunctional impulsivity characterized
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| Patton et al. 3 factors impulsivity:
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children learn to react immediately in order to achieve what they desire (10). impulsive individuals lack the ability to evaluate the consequences of their actions, either for themselves or for the others. | |||||||||||||||
A role for reward valuation in the serotonergic modulation of impulsivity | Stephanie S. Desrochers, Emma K. Lesko, [...], and Katherine M. Nautiyal | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8605981/ | Abstract Rationale Impulsive behavior is a deleterious component of a number of mental health disorders but has few targeted pharmacotherapies. One contributing factor to the difficulty in understanding the neural substrates of disordered impulsivity is the diverse presentations of impulsive behavior. Defining the behavioral and cognitive processes which contribute to different subtypes of impulsivity is important for understanding the neural underpinnings of dysregulated impulsive behavior. | ||||||||||||
Affective impulsivity moderates the relationship between disordered gambling severity and attentional bias in electronic gaming machine (EGM) players | Hyoun S. Kim, Emma V. Ritchie, [...], and Daniel S. McGrath | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9295233/ | Background and aims Attentional bias to gambling-related stimuli is associated with increased severity of gambling disorder. However, the addiction-related moderators of attentional bias among those who gamble are largely unknown. Impulsivity is associated with attentional bias among those who abuse substances, and we hypothesized that impulsivity would moderate the relationship between disordered electronic gaming machine (EGM) gambling and attentional bias. | ||||||||||||
An Abbreviated Impulsiveness Scale (ABIS) Constructed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the BIS-11 | Christopher G. Coutlee, Cary S. Politzer, [...], and Scott A. Huettel | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527550/?report=reader | ToImpulsiveness is a personality trait that reflects an urge to act spontaneously, without thinking or planning ahead for the consequences of your actions. High impulsiveness is characteristic of a variety of problematic behaviors including attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity, excessive gambling, risk-taking, drug use, and alcoholism. | ||||||||||||
Are all Drug Addicts Impulsive? Effects of Antisociality and Extent of Multidrug Use on Cognitive and Motor Impulsivity | Jasmin Vassileva, Raul Gonzalez, [...], and Eileen M. Martin | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2128047/?report=reader | The purpose of this investigation was to examine the influence of antisociality and extent of multidrug use on cognitive and motor impulsivity among substance dependent individuals (SDIs) that used primarily cocaine and/or heroin. One hundred currently abstinent male SDIs participated in the study. | ||||||||||||
Behavioral and Biological Indicators of Impulsivity in the Development of Alcohol Use, Problems, and Disorders | Behavioral and Biological Indicators of Impulsivity in the Development of Alcohol Use, Problems, and Disorders | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182265/?report=reader | Abstract Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDs) are a devastating public health problem. The construct of impulsivity is biologically-based and heritable, and its various dimensions are relevant for understanding alcohol use. | ||||||||||||
Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to ADHD: Translation between clinical and preclinical studies | Catharine A. Winstanley, Dawn M. Eagle, and Trevor W. Robbins | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892795/?report=reader | Abstract Impulsivity, broadly defined as action without foresight, is a component of numerous psychiatric illnesses including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mania and substance abuse. In order to investigate the mechanisms underpinning impulsive behavior, the nature of impulsivity itself needs to be defined in operational terms that can be used as the basis for empirical investigation. | ||||||||||||
Contrasting Roles of Basolateral Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Impulsive Choice | Catharine A. Winstanley, David E. H. Theobald, [...], and Trevor W. Robbins | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6729470/?report=reader | Abstract The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) share many reciprocal connections, and a functional interaction between these regions is important in controlling goal-directed behavior. However, their relative roles have proved hard to dissociate. | ||||||||||||
Corticostriatal neurones in auditory cortex drive decisions during auditory discrimination | Petr Znamenskiy and Anthony M. Zador | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3670751/?report=reader | Abstract The neural pathways by which information about the acoustic world reaches the auditory cortex are well characterised, but how auditory representations are transformed into motor commands is not known. | ||||||||||||
Dopamine, Time, and Impulsivity in Humans | Alex Pine, Tamara Shiner, [...], and Raymond J. Dolan | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059485/?report=reader | Abstract Disordered dopamine neurotransmission is implicated in mediating impulsiveness across a range of behaviors and disorders including addiction, compulsive gambling, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and dopamine dysregulation syndrome. Whereas existing theories of dopamine function highlight mechanisms based on aberrant reward learning or behavioral disinhibition, they do not offer an adequate account of the pathological hypersensitivity to temporal delay that forms a crucial behavioral phenotype seen in these disorders | ||||||||||||
The tubular striatum and nucleus accumbens distinctly represent reward-taking and reward-seeking | Katherine N. Wright and Daniel W. Wesson | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8087377/?report=reader | Abstract The ventral striatum regulates motivated behaviors that are essential for survival. The ventral striatum contains both the nucleus accumbens (NAc), which is well established to contribute to motivated behavior, and the adjacent tubular striatum (TuS), which is poorly understood in this context. | ||||||||||||
Impulsivity: A Predisposition Toward Risky Behaviors | Nour-Mohammad Bakhshani | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4080475/ | DSM and ICD, Impulsivity is diagnostic criterion for several disorders (1), influences mental disorders and development of risky behaviors is not yet clear. Disagreement over the definition of impulsiveness, its main components, and measurement techniques could be considered as major causes that make forming a comprehensive theory regarding impulsivity development and its role in psychopathology impossible | ||||||||||||
Impulsivity Dimensions and Risky Sex Behaviors in an At-Risk Young Adult Sample | Inga Curry, Jeremy W. Luk, [...], and Tamara L. Wall | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6067112/ | Abstract Impulsivity is a personality-based risk factor that has been well studied in relation to risky sexual behavior. Recent conceptualizations of impulsivity have proposed multidimensional facets comprised of premeditation, perseverance, sensation seeking, negative urgency, and positive urgency (UPPS-P model). | ||||||||||||
Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: a review of underlying processes | Harriet de Wit | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3640851/ | Abstract Impulsive behaviors are closely linked to drug use and abuse, both as contributors to use and as consequences of use. Trait impulsivity is an important determinant of drug use during development, and in adults momentary ‘state’ increases in impulsive behavior may increase the likelihood of drug use, especially in individuals attempting to abstain. | ||||||||||||
Impulsivity in the general population: A national study | Jaime Chamorro, Silvia Bernardi, [...], and Carlos Blanco | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3564492/ | Abstract Objective The construct of impulsivity is an important determinant of personality differences, psychiatric disorders, and associated risk-taking behaviors. Most existing knowledge about impulsivity comes from clinical samples. To date, no study has estimated the prevalence of impulsivity and examined its correlates in the general population. | ||||||||||||
Impulsivity influences betting under stress in laboratory gambling | Natale Canale, Enrico Rubaltelli, [...], and Joël Billieux | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5587697/?report=reader | Although recent research suggests that acute stress influences subsequent decision-making under ambiguity, less is known about the role of personality variables in this relationship. | ||||||||||||
Relations Between Trait Impulsivity, Behavioral Impulsivity, Physiological Arousal, and Risky Sexual Behavior among Young Men | Karen J. Derefinko, Jessica R. Peters, [...], and Donald R. Lynam | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4134401/?report=reader | The current study examined how impulsivity-related traits (negative urgency, sensation seeking, and positive urgency), behavioral measures of risk taking and reward seeking, and physiological reactivity related to three different risky sexual behaviors in sexually active undergraduate men (N = 135). | ||||||||||||
Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity | Nora D. Volkow, Gene-Jack Wang, and Ruben D. Baler | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3124340/?report=reader | The ability to resist the urge to eat requires the proper functioning of neuronal circuits involved in top-down control to oppose the conditioned responses that predict reward from eating the food and the desire to eat the food. Imaging studies show that obese subjects might have impairments in dopaminergic pathways that regulate neuronal systems associated with reward sensitivity, conditioning and control. | ||||||||||||
Roles of Nucleus Accumbens Core and Shell in Incentive-Cue Responding and Behavioral Inhibition | Frederic Ambroggi, Ali Ghazizadeh, [...], and Howard L. Fields | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145462/?report=reader | Abstract The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is involved in many reward-related behaviors. The NAc has two major components, the core and the shell. These two areas have different inputs and outputs, suggesting that they contribute differentially to goal-directed behaviors. | ||||||||||||
Should I Stay or Should I Go? Transformation of Time-Discounted Rewards in Orbitofrontal Cortex and Associated Brain Circuits | MATTHEW R. ROESCH, DONNA J. CALU, [...], and GEOFFREY SCHOENBAUM | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430621/?report=reader | Animals prefer a small, immediate reward over a larger delayed reward (time discounting). Lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) can either increase or decrease the breakpoint at which animals abandon the large delayed reward for the more immediate reward as the delay becomes longer. | ||||||||||||
Test-retest reliability of behavioral measures of impulsive choice, impulsive action, and inattention | Jessica Weafer, PhD, Matthew J. Baggott, PhD, and Harriet de Wit, PhD | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4266373/?report=reader | Abstract Behavioral measures of impulsivity are widely used in substance abuse research, yet relatively little attention has been devoted to establishing their psychometric properties, especially their reliability over repeated administration. | ||||||||||||
Towards a Functional Neuromarker of Impulsivity: Feedback-Related Brain Potential during Risky Decision-Making Associated with Self-Reported Impulsivity in a Non-Clinical Sample | Juliana Teti Mayer, Charline Compagne, [...], and Damien Gabriel | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8224100/ | Abstract Risk-taking is part of the multidimensional nature of impulsivity, consisting of an active engagement in behaviors or choices with potentially undesirable results, with probability as the cost for an expected reward. In order to understand the neurophysiological activity during risky behavior and its relationship with other dimensions of impulsivity, we have acquired event-related-potential (ERP) data and self-reported impulsivity scores from 17 non-clinical volunteers. | ||||||||||||
Trait Impulsivity and Response Inhibition in Antisocial Personality Disorder | Alan C. Swann, M.D., Marijn Lijffijt, Ph.D., [...], and F. Gerard Moeller, M.D. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716408/?report=reader | Abstract Background Impulsive behavior is a prominent characteristic of antisocial personality disorder. Impulsivity is a complex construct, however, representing distinct domains of cognition and action. Leading models refer to impulsivity as an inability to evaluate a stimulus fully before responding to it (rapid-response impulsivity), and as an inability to delay responding despite a larger reward (reward-delay impulsivity). | ||||||||||||
Ventral pallidum encodes relative reward value earlier and more robustly than nucleus accumbens | David Ottenheimer, Jocelyn M. Richard, and Patricia H. Janak | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6195583/?report=reader | Abstract The ventral striatopallidal system, a basal ganglia network thought to convert limbic information into behavioral action, includes the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the ventral pallidum (VP), typically described as a major output of NAc. Here, to investigate how reward-related information is transformed across this circuit, we measure the activity of neurons in NAc and VP when rats receive two highly palatable but differentially preferred rewards, allowing us to track the reward-specific information contained within the neural activity of each region. | ||||||||||||
Where Actions Meet Outcomes: Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Central Thalamus, and the Basal Ganglia | Robert G. Mair, Miranda J. Francoeur, [...], and Brett M. Gibson | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9294389/ | Abstract Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) interacts with distributed networks that give rise to goal-directed behavior through afferent and efferent connections with multiple thalamic nuclei and recurrent basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits. | ||||||||||||
2006 | |||||||||||||||
Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to ADHD: Translation between clinical and preclinical studies | Catharine A. Winstanley, Dawn M. Eagle, and Trevor W. Robbins | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892795/?report=reader | Abstract Impulsivity, broadly defined as action without foresight, is a component of numerous psychiatric illnesses including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mania and substance abuse. In order to investigate the mechanisms underpinning impulsive behavior, the nature of impulsivity itself needs to be defined in operational terms that can be used as the basis for empirical investigation. Due to the range of behaviors that the term impulsivity describes, it has been suggested that impulsivity is not a unitary construct, but encompasses a variety of related phenomena that may differ in their biological basis. Through fractionating impulsivity into these component parts, it has proved possible to devise different behavioral paradigms to measure various aspects of impulsivity in both humans and laboratory animals. This review describes and evaluates some of the current behavioral models of impulsivity developed for use with rodents based on human neuropsychological tests, focusing on the five-choice serial reaction time task, the stop-signal reaction time task and delay-discounting paradigms. Furthermore, the contributions made by preclinical studies using such methodology to improve our understanding of the neural and neurochemical basis of impulsivity and ADHD are discussed, with particular reference to the involvement of both the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, and frontostriatal circuitry. Keywords: ADHD, Impulsivity, Frontal cortex, Inhibition, Serotonin, Dopamine | ||||||||||||
2012 | |||||||||||||||
The Relationship between Impulsive Choice and Impulsive Action: A Cross-Species Translational Study | Nienke Broos, Lianne Schmaal, [...], and Anna E. Goudriaan | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3344935/?report=reader | Maladaptive impulsivity is a core symptom in various psychiatric disorders. However, there is only limited evidence available on whether different measures of impulsivity represent largely unrelated aspects or a unitary construct. In a cross-species translational study, thirty rats were trained in impulsive choice (delayed reward task) and impulsive action (five-choice serial reaction time task) paradigms. The correlation between those measures was assessed during baseline performance and after pharmacological manipulations with the psychostimulant amphetamine and the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine. | ||||||||||||
2014 | |||||||||||||||
Recent Insights into the Neurobiology of Impulsivity | Marci R. Mitchell, Ph.D. and Marc N. Potenza, M.D., Ph.D. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242429/ | Abstract Impulsivity is associated with various psychopathologies, and elevated impulsivity is typically disadvantageous. This manuscript reviews recent investigations into the neurobiology of impulsivity using human imaging techniques and animal models. Both human imaging and preclinical pharmacological manipulations have yielded important insights into the neurobiological underpinnings of impulsivity. A more thorough understanding of the complex neurobiology underlying aspects of impulsivity may provide insight into new treatment options that target elevated impulsivity and psychopathologies such as addictions. Keywords: impulsivity, neuroimaging, translational, human, rodent, delay discounting | ||||||||||||
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